What Beaux Arts Style Building in Washington Dc Is a Direct Result of the Mcmillan Plan

1902 planning report for Washington, D.C.

The McMillan Programme (formally titled The Report of the Senate Park Commission. The Comeback of the Park Organisation of the District of Columbia) is a comprehensive planning document for the development of the monumental cadre and the park system of Washington, D.C., the majuscule of the United States. It was written in 1902 by the Senate Park Commission. The commission is popularly known as the McMillan Commission subsequently its chairman, Senator James McMillan of Michigan.^[1]

The McMillan Program proposed eliminating the Victorian landscaping of the National Mall and replacing it with an uncomplicated expanse of grass, narrowing the Mall, and permitting the construction of low, Neoclassical museums and cultural centers along the Mall's east–west axis. The plan proposed constructing significant memorials on the western and southern anchors of the Mall's 2 axes, reflecting pools on the southern and western ends, and massive granite and marble terraces and arcades around the base of operations of the Washington Monument. The plan also proposed tearing down the existing railroad passenger station on the National Mall and amalgam a large new station north of the United states of america Capitol building.

Additionally, the McMillan Programme contemplated constructing clusters of tall, Neoclassical function buildings around Lafayette Square and the Capitol building, also as an extensive system of neighborhood parks and recreational facilities throughout the city. Major new parkways would connect these parks and link the city to nearby attractions.

Never formally adopted by the United states government, the McMillan Programme was implemented piecemeal in the decades subsequently its release. The location of the Lincoln Memorial, Ulysses South. Grant Memorial, Union Station, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Building are due to the McMillan Programme. Proposals to construct Arlington Memorial Span received a meaning boost from the plan likewise. The McMillan Programme continues to guide urban planning in and around Washington, D.C., into the 21st century and has become a part of the federal government's official planning policy for the national capital.

Senate Park Commission [edit]

Senator James McMillan, sponsor of legislation that created the Senate Park Commission.

Beginning effectually 1880, a series of articles appeared in local D.C. and national press, which were highly disquisitional of the mediocre architecture and poor-quality public spaces and accommodations in the District of Columbia. In addition, a highly influential meeting of the American Constitute of Architects was held in Washington in December 1900. Not only were the urban center's shortcomings extensively discussed, but plans were proposed for rectifying them.^[2] The program presented at that meeting past Washington-based architect Paul J. Pelz anticipates several decisions in the eventual McMillan Plan, including the grouping of Congressional office buildings around the Capitol, the evolution of Federal Triangle, and the location of the National Archives Building.^[3]

The Senate Park Commission was formed by the United States Senate on March 8, 1901, to reconcile competing visions for the development of Washington, D.C., and peculiarly the National Mall and nearby areas.^[four] McMillan Commission members included architect Daniel Burnham, landscape architect Frederick Constabulary Olmsted, Jr., and builder Charles F. McKim.^[v] Charles Moore, Senator McMillan's chief aide, became secretary of the commission. Sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens joined the committee every bit its last member in Baronial 1901 at the suggestion of McKim.^[6]

The commission members (excluding Saint-Gaudens, who was ill with cancer)^[7] and Moore departed for Europe on June 13, 1901, to tour the continent's dandy manor homes, gardens, and urban landscapes. Past the time the commission returned to the United states of america on August i, Moore had become a de facto member of the commission.^[8]

Description of the programme [edit]

The commission sponsored a major exhibit about their proposals at the Corcoran Gallery of Art on January 15, 1902, the same twenty-four hours the report was released to the public.^[9] President Theodore Roosevelt attended the exhibit'south opening. The exhibit was dominated past two vast models of the District of Columbia, one showing it as it existed in 1901 and the other showing the changes proposed by the Senate Park Commission. ^[ten]

Seventy-one of the written report's pages discussed proposals for the National Mall, while the remaining 100 pages discussed improvements for the park arrangement in and around the city.^[xi] The proposals for the National Mall received the greatest attention from the commission and were the about detailed.^[12] The proposals for the city'due south parks, beaches, and recreational facilities (ostensibly the reason for its being) were treated in more general ways.^[thirteen] Scattered throughout the plan were references to streets, boulevards, parkways, and various other connections between Commune and regional parks and the District and the surrounding cities and undeveloped areas.^[14]

The National Mall and the "monumental core" [edit]

The McMillan Program successfully proposed eliminating National Mall'south Victorian-era landscape pattern (shown here circa 1900).

The report proposed turning the National Mall into the core of the growing city. A cruciform design for the Mall was proposed. The United States Capitol building anchored the east end of the east–westward axis and the White House the north finish of the north–s axis. In the center was the Washington Monument. The recently completed West Potomac Park would be the anchor for the west end of the east–w centrality. The commission suggested the recently authorized Lincoln Memorial exist sited in the park while proposing that the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial exist moved to a new plaza to exist constructed directly west of the Capitol. The recently created East Potomac Park would ballast the southern end of the north–due south axis, and be occupied by a vast complex of recreational facilities ("Washington Commons") as well as a possible new memorial (to the Founding Fathers or great inventors, the report suggested). Andrew Jackson Downing's winding Victorian mural blueprint on the National Mall would exist replaced with an open vista of grass flanked by formal rows of copse like to the landscape design at Vaux-le-Vicomte and the Palace of Versailles in France. The width of the Mall, determined after extensive on-site measurements, would exist narrowed to 300 anxiety (91 m). The northward and south sides of the National Mall were to be lined with low public function buildings, museums, and cultural attractions (such as theaters). The plan also suggested constructing a low, Beaux-Arts bridge linking West Potomac Park with Arlington National Cemetery. Around the base of the Washington Monument, new formal gardens and terraces would assist frame the monument'southward base. The Pennsylvania Railroad's Baltimore & Potomac (B&P) Railroad Passenger Concluding, located on the National Mall at what is today New Jersey Artery NW and Constitution Avenue NW, would be torn downward. A new, modern train station with a grand courtroom and massive passenger waiting and service areas would be synthetic north of the Capitol. 2 new reflecting pools (or "canals") would exist constructed on the National Mall. Ane (cruciform in shape) would extend from West Potomac Park to the Washington Monument. The other would extend from East Potomac Park northward to the Washington Monument. The Ellipse would remain open infinite in order to preserve the vista from the White Business firm southward to the Washington Monument and the Potomac River.^[xv]

The Fifty'Enfant Plan'due south diagonal streets formed the great boundaries of the city's new "monumental core". Pennsylvania Avenue NW, already an important thoroughfare, formed the northeast purlieus linking the Capitol with the White House. The report asked the federal government to tear downward the vast slum Murder Bay and replace information technology with a grouping of monumental federal part buildings similar to Westminster in London or the Louvre Palace in Paris. Lafayette Foursquare north of the White House would also be razed, and new federal office buildings in the Neoclassical style built there. New York Avenue NW would be extended in a southwesterly direction by the White Business firm to link with the new memorial in W Potomac Park. Maryland Avenue SW, extending from the Capitol to East Potomac Park, would grade the southeastern purlieus of this new awe-inspiring core, while the Potomac River formed the southwestern purlieus. The commission suggested that taller federal buildings and museums be constructed in areas not immediately next to the National Mall.^[sixteen]

The city park organisation and parkways [edit]

Additions to the D.C. park arrangement (night green) proposed by the McMillan Program.

The park system proposed by the McMillan Program drew heavily on the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston (too designed past Olmsted). The commission proposed establishing big numbers of neighborhood parks throughout the city, especially in those areas outside the erstwhile "Federal City" boundaries.^[a] Public bathing and swimming facilities, gymnasiums, and playgrounds were an integral role of each proposed park, and the commission'due south report provided all-encompassing drawings of "model parks". The commission's goal was to transform parks from places where the wealthy promenaded for purposes of social mobility into places where the average citizen could reap the advantages of physical exercise while enjoying the moral uplift provided by a natural setting within an urban expanse. Of critical importance to the commission was developing the Anacostia Flats along the Anacostia River. The flats (like Due west and Due east Potomac Parks) had recently been reclaimed past dumping dredged material along the riverbank to eliminate marshes. The committee suggested building roads to provide admission to the Anacostia River and constructing a large water park for boating, bathing, pond, and other uses to depict development to the area.^[xvi]

Linking the more important parks would be a series of parkways, designed to allow citizens in carriages (the machine not having come into widespread utilize) to go emotionally refreshed past viewing nature. Parkways were envisioned forth the s side of the Potomac River from Arlington National Cemetery downwards to Mount Vernon, and from West Potomac Park through Stone Creek Park to the National Zoological Park. Some other parkway (known every bit "Fort Drive"), nearly circumferential effectually the city, would link newly created parks designed to preserve the historic Civil War forts which circled the Commune of Columbia.^[16]

Implementation of the plan [edit]

Implementation of the McMillan Plan was opposed by the powerful Speaker of the House, Joseph Gurney Cannon. Cannon was angry that the Senate had bypassed the Business firm in creating the committee. He was strongly opposed to spending the enormous sums that it would take to complete the plan. Although Moore had implemented a advisedly planned public relations campaign to win congressional and public support for the McMillan Programme, it was clear that seeking formal approving of the programme from Congress was out of the question due to Cannon'south opposition. Instead, members of the committee worked strenuously to ensure that the plan was not encroached upon while waiting for a more than opportune fourth dimension to seek its implementation. Backers of the program in Congress regularly chosen upon commission members to testify earlier Congress and in public hearings to defend the plan.

Ane of the most important goals of the McMillan Plan was to annihilate the B&P Railroad Passenger Terminal. This proposal had generated widespread back up in Congress for years. On May xv, 1902, legislation was passed authorizing the construction of a new Union Station. Although all-encompassing disagreement broke out in the House over reimbursing the Pennsylvania Railroad for the cost of moving its tracks, legislation providing this reimbursement passed in 1903. The final was demolished in 1908.

Structure of the two wings of the Department of Agriculture building (shown nearing completion in 1908, lower correct) was a meaning test of the McMillan Programme.

The outset meaning threat to implementing the McMillan Plan came in 1904. A new The states Section of Agriculture building had long been proposed for the south side of the National Mall between seventh and 14th Streets SW. The Section of Agriculture wanted to employ all the infinite allotted to it. However, McMillan Plan advocates argued that agriculture headquarters should be gear up back from the eye of the National Mall by 300 feet (91 thousand). Section of Agriculture officials, however, pointed out that the 300-human foot (91 m) setback from the mall's center-line was already violated on the s side of the mall by the Smithsonian Institution Building. President Theodore Roosevelt gave his approval for the construction of a new agriculture building in line with the Smithsonian headquarters, only to later learn that his decision violated the McMillan Plan (which he besides supported). Agriculture officials and then argued that if they had to accept a smaller plot of land, they should be permitted to construct a taller building to compensate for the loss of space. An all-encompassing disagreement bankrupt out between Agronomics officials, members of Congress intent on keeping costs low, McMillan Plan advocates, and others about where the building should be placed and how tall information technology should be. The new Agronomics Building was eventually built according to the McMillan Plan's 300-foot (91 chiliad) setback line and slightly lowered into the ground to accommodate the building'southward taller height.^[20]

The next major examination of the McMillan Programme came with the siting of the Lincoln Memorial. Congress authorized a Lincoln Memorial Commission in 1910, and the commission immediately began wrestling with the many competing proposals for the memorial'due south location. Meantime, members of the disbanded McMillan Committee were tiring of the constant demands on their time and the unpaid nature of their role. President Roosevelt agreed that a permanent commission on the arts should be created to help guide decisions regarding art and architecture post-obit the McMillan Program. Roosevelt established a commission past executive order soon earlier he left office, but President William Howard Taft dissolved it and won congressional approval for a statutory United states of america Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) in 1910. Several members of the McMillan Commission were appointed to the CFA, every bit were many McMillan Plan supporters. When the Lincoln Memorial Commission establish itself riven by disagreement over the new memorial's site, information technology sought out the advice of the CFA. Together, the Lincoln Memorial Commission and CFA worked to corroborate West Potomac Park as the site for the new monument. The site for the Lincoln Memorial was canonical in June 1911.^[21]

Over the years, other decisions were made which helped reinforce the status of the McMillan programme as the "official" development programme for the District of Columbia. These included the siting of the Freer Gallery of Fine art in 1923, the creation of the National Capital Park and Planning Committee in 1926 (which was formally charged with implementing the McMillan Plan), enactment of legislation authorizing the enlargement of the Capitol grounds in 1929 (post-obit the McMillan Plan), and passage of the Capper-Cramton city park act (which sought to implement the McMillan Plan'south park program).^[twenty] Arlington Memorial Span was authorized in 1925 after President Warren Thousand. Harding got caught in a three-hour traffic jam during the dedication of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. A lengthy fight over the bridge'southward location occurred. Even so, the CFA won the battle. Congress authorized the bridge'south construction (in the low, classical style advocated past the McMillan Plan) on February 24, 1925. The Public Buildings Act of 1926 authorized the razing of the Murder Bay slum and the construction of Federal Triangle in 1926, and the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway was authorized in 1928. Although structure of a massive terrace around the base of operations of the Washington Monument was proven unfeasible (it would have destabilized the monument's foundations), the National World War II Memorial was constructed at the eastern stop of the Lincoln Memorial reflecting pool in 2004.

Contempo implementation efforts [edit]

Siting the Lincoln Memorial in West Potomac Park was a significant goal of the McMillan Plan.

The McMillan Plan continues to provide the underpinning for planning in the national capital in the 21st century. In 1997, the National Upper-case letter Planning Committee (NCPC) issued a study entitled Extending the Legacy: Planning America's Capital.^[22] The planning document was an endeavor to update the McMillan Programme for the 21st century. It redefined the monumental cadre and established new guidelines for locating museums, memorials, and federal buildings throughout the city. A second major written report, Awe-inspiring Core Framework Plan: Connecting New Destinations with the National Mall, was issued in April 2009.^[23] Written jointly by the NCPC and CFA, the planning document extends the McMillan Plan's values and planning concepts through the urban center. It proposed the cosmos of new "federal centers" through the city (abroad from the monumental core) and redevelopment of the Washington Channel and Anacostia River waterfronts. A second planning effort, CapitalSpace, was as well launched in 2009.^[24] A joint initiative of the NCPC, the National Park Service, and the government of the District of Columbia, CapitalSpace is designed to implement half-dozen of the major unfinished proposals of the McMillan Plan. These include linking the Fort Circle Parks with trails and parkways, improving recreational facilities, enhancing and maintaining neighborhood parks, establishing new and repairing existing playgrounds and school play yards, ensuring the protection and restoration of natural areas within and well-nigh the city, and transforming small and underutilized parks into vibrant new neighborhood centers.

In belatedly 2012, work began on 2 billion-dollar projects to implement Extending the Legacy: Planning America's Upper-case letter were announced. The get-go project, named "The Wharf", is a $ane.45 billion redevelopment of the waterfront roughly between 9th and 7th Streets SW forth the Washington Channel. The project will build x mixed-use buildings each 130 feet (40 yard) high. A privately owned cultural middle and a new public park volition exist included in The Wharf. A total of 3,200,000 square feet (300,000 m^two) will be built, with near two-thirds of that congenital in the first phase. Maine Avenue SW will be remodeled, H2o Street SW will be decommissioned and demolished, a pedestrian promenade congenital where H2o Street was, and two new piers (for both private and commercial use) will exist synthetic.^[25] The second projection appear is a $906 million project to replace and realign the aging Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge and build new interchanges between the bridge and Suitland Parkway, the span and Potomac Avenue SW, Suitland Parkway and Interstate 295, and Suitland Parkway and Martin Luther King, Jr. Artery. The electric current four-lane bridge will be replaced with a six-lane span and brought into a more than north–southward alignment from its current northwest–southeast alignment. The price of the bridge replacement is estimated at $573.viii one thousand thousand. A traffic circle with a large field (to be used for public gatherings and suitable for several new memorials) volition connect the north end of the span with Potomac Avenue SW. A second massive traffic oval on the due south stop of the span volition help connect it to Martin Luther Male monarch, Jr. Avenue and assistance aggrandize the city's "awe-inspiring cadre" into Anacostia. Reconstruction of the ii interchanges is estimated to price $209.2 million. The residual of the budgeted funds will aid remodel South Capitol Street into an urban boulevard from an industrial corridor, and renovate New Bailiwick of jersey Avenue SE.^[26]

Unbuilt portions of the McMillan Plan [edit]

Several elements of the McMillan Plan remained unbuilt.

Ane key chemical element was the extensive arrangement of granite and marble terraces, steps, and arcades ("Washington Monument Gardens") proposed for the grounds around the base of operations of the Washington Monument. It was later determined that the structure of these features would require removing large quantities of earth. However, this would have destabilized the monument's foundations, and none of the proposed elements were built. The Trust for the National Mall and the National Park Service sponsored a design competition in 2011 to revitalize the Mall as part of a $700 million plan to transform it into a globe-course park. The design partnership of Weiss/Manfredi + OLIN won a portion of the competition to redesign the Washington Monument grounds and the nearby Sylvan Theater. If implemented, the programme would lightly terrace the grounds of the Washington Monument while creating deep terraces at the Sylvan Theater to create seating.

Another unbuilt central chemical element was a collection of tall, Neoclassical part buildings around Lafayette Square. This proposal went unbuilt as the federal government struggled to complete the Federal Triangle complex. The cost of constructing the office circuitous during the mid to late 1930s and the lack of materials and workforce during Globe War II and the Korean War kept the complex from being congenital. Although a significant endeavor was fabricated in 1960 to brainstorm razing the celebrated homes around Lafayette Square, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy opposed their devastation and successfully lobbied Congress and the General Services Administration to retain the structures. Mrs. Kennedy persuaded President John F. Kennedy to let architect John Carl Warnecke to pattern a program to let two federal office buildings behind the smaller, celebrated structures. Warnecke's plan led to the structure of the New Executive Office Building in 1965 and the Howard T. Markey National Courts Building in 1967. They were the only ii big office buildings constructed near Lafayette Square, and neither was Neoclassical in design.

The proposed "Washington Monument Gardens", a part of the McMillan Plan that was never built.

A 3rd central unbuilt recommendation of the McMillan Programme involved the all-encompassing "Washington Eatables" recreational surface area on East and W Potomac Parks along the southern side of the Tidal Basin. The McMillan Program envisioned extensive public bathing and pond facilities along the Potomac River's border hither, likewise every bit several able-bodied fields, several gymnasiums, and a stadium. Additionally, a pregnant new Neoclassical or Beaux-Arts memorial would be constructed along the White House-Washington Monument axis to serve equally the southern anchor of the cruciform National Mall plan. The Washington Commons was to have been congenital later on the Washington Monument terraces and arcades. After it was adamant that the Washington Monument grounds project could not exist congenital, attention turned to Washington Eatables. However, by and then, the Smashing Low was underway, and funds to complete the Tidal Basin in the form envisioned by the McMillan Plan were no longer available. In 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed the construction of a memorial to Thomas Jefferson on the southward side of the Tidal Bowl. Although the CFA opposed the memorial, President Roosevelt ordered its construction, and the Jefferson Memorial was completed in 1943.

The proposed "Fort Circle Bulldoze" is some other unbuilt role of the plan. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy began pushing Congress to build Fort Circle Drive.^[27] Merely civic leaders and the National Park Service openly questioned whether the plan had outgrown its usefulness.^[28] They argued that the city had grown by the ring of forts that protected it a century earlier, and city roads already connected the parks (albeit non in the linear route envisioned by the McMillan Plan).^[29] The program to link the city's Ceremonious War fort-parks via a grand bulldoze was quietly dropped in the years that followed.

A final unbuilt recommendation of the McMillan Plan was the concept of grouping a large number of executive co-operative office buildings around the United States Congress. The concept was 2-fold: To complement the existing Us Botanic Garden (built in 1867), Library of Congress Building (congenital in 1897), Cannon Business firm Office Edifice (congenital in 1908), and Russell Senate Office Building (congenital in 1909) to create a symmetrical await to the Capitol environs; and to reduce the time and trouble it took for executive branch workers to serve the needs of Congress. No executive branch part buildings were always constructed. Several buildings were constructed nearby, just they were non in the symmetrical siting or design advocated by the McMillan Program. These structures included the Longworth Firm Part Edifice (finished in 1933), the United States Supreme Court Edifice (finished in 1935), and the John Adams Library of Congress Building (finished in 1939). The Longworth and Adams buildings were both on the House side. No try was fabricated to buy the land bounded by Maryland Avenue NE, 1st Street NE, and Constitution Artery NE. This holding was quickly developed with individual office buildings without reference to the McMillan Programme. Yet another edifice, the Rayburn House Function Building, was built on the House side in 1965. This left the U.s.a. Capitol Circuitous unbalanced. In 1972, the relatively small Dirksen Senate Function Edifice completed on the Senate side. Thus far, all the buildings constructed were within the Beaux-Arts or "stripped Neoclassical" style. However, in 1976, structure on the James Madison Library of Congress Building was completed in the southeast corner of the Capitol Complex. Non only was this edifice on the Firm side (again), simply it was Modernist in style and did not fit well architecturally with the other structures. This was followed in 1982 with the Modernist Hart Senate Office Edifice, whose primary concession to the Beaux-Arts style was a marble outside.

Although many neighborhood parks were created in the District of Columbia according to the McMillan Program, the scope of expansion contemplated by the plan was not achieved. Implementation of the neighborhood park, playground, and recreational facilities plan was left to the D.C. government, which lacked the extensive resources of the federal regime to implement the McMillan Plan. Few areas beyond the one-time "Federal Metropolis" boundary were purchased for park or recreational land. As the city speedily expanded, this land dramatically increased in cost, and the city establish itself unable to obtain as much land as it wished. The inability of the urban center regime to implement the scope of the McMillan Programme's park proposals is considered the most significant failure the programme faced.

References [edit]

Notes

1. ^ Originally, government officials did non foresee that the metropolis of Washington would expand to fill the boundaries of the entire District of Columbia. The "Federal City", or the Urban center of Washington, originally lay inside an surface area divisional by Boundary Street (northwest and northeast), 15th Street (eastward), Due east Capitol Street, the Anacostia River, the Potomac River, and Stone Creek.^{[17] [18] [19]}

Citations

1. ^ Tompkins 1993, p. xvii.
2. ^ Kohler 2006, p. xi.
3. ^ Wrenn 1996, pp. 60–65. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFWrenn1996 (assist)
4. ^ Peterson 2003, pp. 78–91.
5. ^ Thomas 2002, p. 16.
6. ^ Peterson 2006, pp. xv–16.
7. ^ Rybczynski 2008, p. 61.
8. ^ Peterson 2006, pp. 20–21.
9. ^ Peterson 2006, p. 27.
10. ^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 132.
11. ^ Kohler 2006, p. xii.
12. ^ Gillette 1995, p. 100.
13. ^ Davis 2008, p. 176, fn. 2.
14. ^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 133.
15. ^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, pp. 129–138.
16. ^ ^{a b c} Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 138.
17. ^ Hagner 1904, p. 257.
18. ^ Hawkins 1991, p. xvi.
19. ^ Bednar 2006, p. fifteen.
20. ^ ^{a b} Gutheim & Lee 2006, pp. 138–139.
21. ^ Thomas 2002, pp. 37–43.
22. ^ "Extending the Legacy". National Upper-case letter Planning Commission. 1997. Retrieved Jan 27, 2013.
23. ^ National Capital Planning Commission; U.s.a. Committee of Fine Arts (2009). "Awe-inspiring Cadre Framework Plan". National Capital Planning Committee. Archived from the original on October xv, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
24. ^ National Capitol Planning Commission; National Park Service; Authorities of the Commune of Columbia (2009). "CapitalSpace: A Park Arrangement for the Nation'southward Upper-case letter". National Capital letter Planning Committee . Retrieved January 27, 2013 ; Neibauer, Michael (March 14, 2013). "D.C. Plans Transformation of Franklin Park". Washington Business concern Journal . Retrieved March xiii, 2013.
25. ^ Lewis, Roger Yard. (December 21, 2012). "Southwest Waterfront Gets Its Long-Overdue Makeover". The Washington Mail service . Retrieved Jan 27, 2013.
26. ^ Halsey, Ashley III (December 31, 2012). "Decomposable D.C. Bridge Reflects Country of Thousands of Such Structures Nationwide". The Washington Post . Retrieved Jan 27, 2013 ; "Rebuilding Bridges in the District". The Washington Post. December 31, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
27. ^ Strayer, Martha (May 28, 1963). "JFK Settles Boxing Over Ft. Bulldoze". Washington Daily News.
28. ^ National Capital Planning Committee 1965, pp. 3–9.
29. ^ "Fort Sites Eyed for Future Utilize". The Washington Post. October ii, 1964. p. A10.

Further reading [edit]

• Report of the Senate Park Committee. The Comeback of the Park Organisation of the District of Columbia. United states Senate. Committee on the District of Columbia. 57th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Press Office, 1902.

Bibliography [edit]

• Bednar, Michael J. (2006). L'Enfant'due south Legacy: Public Open up Spaces in Washington, D.C. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN0801883180.
• Davis, Timothy (2008). "Beyond the Mall: The Senate Park Committee's Plans for Washington's Park System". In Glazer, Nathan; Fields, Cynthia R. (eds.). The National Mall: Rethinking Washington's Awe-inspiring Cadre. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Academy Press. ISBN9780801888052.
• Gillette, Howard (1995). Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D.C. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Printing. ISBN9780812205299.
• Gutheim, Frederick A.; Lee, Antoinette J. (2006). Worthy of the Nation: Washington, D.C., from L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Committee. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN9780801883286.
• Hagner, Alexander (1904). "Street Classification of Washington Urban center". Records of the Columbia Historical Order: 237–261.
• Hawkins, Don Alexander (Leap–Summertime 1991). "The Landscape of the Federal City: A 1792 Walking Tour". Washington History: 10–33.
• Kohler, Sue (2006). "Introduction". In Kohler, Sue; Scott, Pamela (eds.). Designing the Nation'southward Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. ISBN9780160752230.
• National Capital Planning Committee (1965). Fort Park Arrangement: A Re-evaluation Study of Fort Drive. Washington, D.C.: National Capital Planning Commission.
• Peterson, Jon A. (2003). The Nascence of Metropolis Planning in the United States: 1840–1917. Baltimore, Physician.: The Johns Hopkins Academy Printing. ISBN9780801872105.
• Peterson, Jon A. (2006). "The Senate Park Commission Program for Washington, D.C.: A New Vision for the Uppercase and the Nation". In Kohler, Sue; Scott, Pamela (eds.). Designing the Nation'south Capital letter: The 1901 Program for Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. ISBN9780160752230.
• Rybczynski, Witold (2008). "'A Elementary Space of Turf': Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.'south Idea for the Mall". In Glazer, Nathan; Fields, Cynthia R. (eds.). The National Mall: Rethinking Washington's Monumental Core. Baltimore, Doc.: Johns Hopkins University Printing. ISBN9780801888052.
• Thomas, Christopher A. (2002). The Lincoln Memorial and American Life . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Academy Press. ISBN9780691011943.
• Tompkins, Emerge Kress (1993). A Quest for Grandeur: Charles Moore and the Federal Triangle . Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN9781560981619.
• Wrenn, Tony P. (2006). "The American Institute of Architects Convention of 1900: Its Influence on the Senate Park Committee Plan". In Kohler, Sue; Scott, Pamela (eds.). Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. ISBN9780160752230.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_Plan

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